Day-05 (पांचवा दिन)
Making Negative Sentences
नकारात्मक वाक्य जैसे मैं शिक्षक नहीं हूं या फिर मेरी मां गृहिणी नहीं है, मेरा पिता डॉक्टर नहीं है आदि बनाने के लिए Auxiliary Verbs (Helping Verbs/Special Verbs) को समझना आवश्यक है । अंग्रेजी भाषा में यह 24 होते हैं । इनका उपयोग सदैव not के पहले किया जाता है अतः इन्हें Friends of Not भी कह सकते हैं । Negative Sentences के निर्माण कर सकने पर न केवल Spoken बल्कि Written में भी नकारात्मक वाक्यों की क्षमता विकसीत हो जाती है ।
उदाहरण-05(a) –
I am not a teacher.
My mother is not a house-wife.
My father is not a businessman.
इनके सही उपयोग का सबसे आसान तरीका है इसे Friends of NOT के रुप में जाने । निम्न तालिका TABLE-2 में इनकी प्रकृति के अनुसार विभाजित कर दर्शाया गया है –
Group | 24 Special Verbs (Friends of NOT) | ||
TYPE | FIRST FORM | SECOND FORM | |
(A) | Be form-> | is, am, are | was, were |
(B) | *Double Role (SpVp/MVb) | do, does | did |
have, has | Had | ||
(C) | Modals | shall | should |
will | would | ||
can | could | ||
may | might | ||
must | must | ||
ought to | - | ||
used to | - | ||
need | - | ||
dare | - | ||
*Double Role – Special Verb & Main Verb |
अब तक के अध्ययन में केवल State Verbs (is, am, are, was, were - जिन्हें Friends of NOT के रुप में भी जाना जा सकते है ) के उपयोग से हम अवगत हैं । अतः इस स्तर पर केवल 5-Friends of not अर्थात is, am, are, was, were के Negative Sentences प्रस्तुत करेंगे । जिन्हें उपरोक्त 24 Friends of NOT के अर्थ एवं उपयोग की जानकारी है वे निम्न उदाहरण को आधार बनाकर असंख्य Negative Sentences बनाने में समर्थ रहेंगें -
उदाहरण-5-(b) –
State Verb Sentences | Negatives |
He is a teacher. Amitabh is a doctor. She is an artist. They are cricketers. My friend is right. You are very late. David is English. They are Indians. It is a cinema hall. A mango is a vegetable. Villages are big towns. Pets are good friends of men. It was a holiday. They were students. We were cricket players. | He is not a teacher. Amitabh is not a doctor. She is not an artist. They are not cricketers. My friend is not right. You are not very late. David is not English. They are not Indians. It is not a cinema hall. A mango is not a vegetable. Villages are not big towns. Pets are not good friends of men. It was not a holiday. They were not students. We were not cricket players. |
अब तक के अध्ययन के पश्चात English के दोनो रुप Written English एवं Spoken English का प्रारंभ कर चुके है । यह निम्न उदाहरण से स्पष्ट हो जाता है -
Written English -
Sentence – I am a student.
Negative – I am not a student.
Questions – Am I a student?
Communicative English –
Question – Is he a student (teacher/player/doctor/carpenter/mechanic)?
Answer – Yes, he is.
No, he is not (isn’t).
Contracted Negatives -
Communication करते समय उपर्युक्तानुसार contracted forms का उपयोग करना चाहिये। इस हेतु निम्न तालिका (TABLE) की सहायता ली जा सकती है –
TABLE-3
24 Special Verbs (Friends of NOT) के Contracted Forms | ||||
FIRST FORM | Contracted Form | SECOND FORM | Contracted Form | |
Be form-> | is, am, are | isn’t, aren’t | was, were | wasn’t, weren’t |
Double roll (SpVp/MVb) | do, does | don’t, doesn’t | Did | didn’t |
have, has | haven’t, hasn’t | Had | hadn’t | |
Modals | shall | shan’t | should | shouldn’t |
will | won’t | would | wouldn’t | |
can | can’t | could | couldn’t | |
may | mayn’t | might | mightn’t | |
must | mustn’t | must | mustn’t | |
ought to | oughtn’t to | - | ||
used to | usedn’t to | - | ||
need | needn’t | - | ||
dare | daren’t | - |
अभ्यास क्रमांक 5
एक तालिका में आपके व्दारा बनाये सभी State Verb Sentences के Negatives बनाईये एवं Negatives को पुनः Contracted Forms में परिवर्तित कर लिखिए । अपने मित्र/पारिवारिक सदस्य को साथी बनाकर Question & Answer की उपरोक्तानुसार Oral Practice कर अंग्रेजी में Communication का विस्तार करें । Communication में Negatives के Contraction Form का उपयोग करें ।
पांचवे दिन के अध्यापन का समापन निम्न टिप्पणी के साथ –
(1) 24 Special Verbs (Friends of Not) सीखा ।
(2) Verbs के be forms, double role verbs एवं modal verbs में अंतर समझा ।
(3) Negatives बनाना सीखा ।
(4) Negatives के Contracted Forms सीखे ।
(5) Negatives की सहायता से Communication को समझा ।
(6) निम्न नये शब्दों को समझा एवं उनका उपयोग कर स्वयं के शब्दकोष में अंकित किया ।
अंग्रेजी शब्द | हिन्दी अर्थ | अंग्रेजी शब्द | हिन्दी अर्थ |
helping verbs | सहायक क्रियाएं | Village | गांव |
Negative | नकारात्मक | Town | शहर |
Right | सही | Holiday | अवकाश |
Late | देरी से | She | वह |
English | अंग्रेज, अंग्रेजी | You | आप |
Indian | भारतीय | We | हम |
cinema hall | चलचित्र घर | They | वे |
Mango | आम | Contracted | संकुचित |
Group | समूह | Double | दो |
Type | प्रकार | Role | |
Vegetable | सब्जी | Modal |
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